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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Rousseau http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Henri_Rousseau http://www.wikipaintings.org/en/henri-rousseau Henri Julien Félix Rousseau (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃ʁi ʒyljɛ̃ feliks ʁuso]) (May 21, 1844 – September 2, 1910) was a French Post-Impressionist painter in the Naïve or Primitive manner. He was also known as Le Douanier (the customs officer), a humorous description of his occupation as a toll collector. Ridiculed during his life, he came to be recognized as a self-taught genius whose works are of high artistic quality. Background Henri Rousseau was born in Laval, France in 1844 in the Loire Valley into the family of a tinsmith; he was forced to work there as a young boy. He attended Laval High School as a day student and then as a boarder, after his father became a debtor and his parents had to leave the town upon the seizure of their house. He was mediocre in some subjects at the high school but won prizes for drawing and music. He worked for a lawyer and studied law, but "attempted a small perjury and sought refuge in the army," serving for four years, starting in 1863. With his father&s death, Rousseau moved to Paris in 1868 to support his widowed mother as a government employee. In 1868, he married Clémence Boitard, his landlord&s 15 year-old daughter, with whom he had six children (only one survived). In 1871, he was appointed as a collector of the octroi of Paris, collecting taxes on goods entering Paris. His wife died in 1888 and he married Josephine Noury in 1898. He started painting seriously in his early forties, and by age 49 he retired from his job to work on his art full-time. Rousseau claimed he had "no teacher other than nature", although he admitted he had received "some advice" from two established Academic painters, Félix Auguste Clément and Jean-Léon Gérôme. Essentially he was self-taught and is considered to be a naïve or primitive painter. Paintings His best known paintings depict jungle scenes, even though he never left France or saw a jungle. Stories spread by admirers that his army service included the French expeditionary force to Mexico are unfounded. His inspiration came from illustrated books and the botanical gardens in Paris, as well as tableaux of taxidermied wild animals. He had also met soldiers, during his term of service, who had survived the French expedition to Mexico and listened to their stories of the subtropical country they had encountered. To the critic Arsène Alexandre, he described his frequent visits to the Jardin des Plantes: "When I go into the glass houses and I see the strange plants of exotic lands, it seems to me that I enter into a dream." Along with his exotic scenes there was a concurrent output of smaller topographical images of the city and its suburbs. He claimed to have invented a new genre of portrait landscape, which he achieved by starting a painting with a view such as a favourite part of the city, and then depicting a person in the foreground. Criticism and recognition Tiger in a Tropical Storm (Surprised!) (1891) was the first of many jungle scenes for which Rousseau is best known. Rousseau&s flat, seemingly childish style was disparaged by many critics; people often were shocked by his work or ridiculed it. His ingenuousness was extreme, and he always aspired, in vain, to conventional acceptance. Many observers commented that he painted like a child, but the work shows sophistication with his particular technique. From 1886, he exhibited regularly in the Salon des Indépendants, and, although his work was not placed prominently, it drew an increasing following over the years. Tiger in a Tropical Storm (Surprised!) was exhibited in 1891, and Rousseau received his first serious review, when the young artist Félix Vallotton wrote: "His tiger surprising its prey ought not to be missed; it&s the alpha and omega of painting." Yet it was more than a decade before Rousseau returned to depicting his vision of jungles. In 1893, Rousseau moved to a studio in Montparnasse where he lived and worked until his death in 1910. During 1897, he produced one of his most famous paintings, La Bohémienne endormie (The Sleeping Gypsy). During 1905, a large jungle scene The Hungry Lion Throws Itself on the Antelope was exhibited at the Salon des Indépendants near works by younger leading avant-garde artists such as Henri Matisse in what is now seen as the first showing of The Fauves. Rousseau&s painting may even have influenced the naming of the Fauves. In 1907, he was commissioned by artist Robert Delaunay&s mother, Berthe, Comtesse de Delaunay, to paint The Snake Charmer. When Pablo Picasso happened upon a painting by Rousseau being sold on the street as a canvas to be painted over, the younger artist instantly recognised Rousseau&s genius and went to meet him. In 1908 Picasso held a half serious, half burlesque banquet in his studio in Le Bateau-Lavoir in Rousseau&s honour. After Rousseau&s retirement in 1893, he supplemented his small pension with part-time jobs and work such as playing a violin in the streets. He also worked briefly at Le petit journal, where he produced a number of its covers. Rousseau exhibited his final painting, The Dream, at the 1910 Salon des Independants a few months before his death on 2 September 1910 in the Hospital Necker in Paris. At his funeral, seven friends stood at his grave in the Cimetière de Bagneux: the painters Paul Signac and Manuel Ortiz de Zárate, the artist couple Robert Delaunay and Sonia Terk, the sculptor Brâncuşi, Rousseau&s landlord Armand Queval and Guillaume Apollinaire who wrote the epitaph Brâncuşi put on the tombstone: We salute you Gentle Rousseau you can hear us. Delaunay, his wife, Monsieur Queval and myself. Let our luggage pass duty free through the gates of heaven. We will bring you brushes paints and canvas. That you may spend your sacred leisure in the light and Truth of Painting. As you once did my portrait facing the stars, lion and the gypsy. Legacy Rousseau&s work exerted an "extensive influence ... on several generations of vanguard artists, starting with Picasso and including Jean Hugo, Léger, Beckmann and the Surrealists," according to Roberta Smith, an art critic writing in The New York Times. "Beckmann’s amazing self-portraits, for example, descend from the brusque, concentrated forms of Rousseau’s portrait of the writer Pierre Loti". The visual style of Michel Ocelot&s 1998 animation film Kirikou and the Sorceress is partly inspired by Rousseau, particularly the depiction of the jungle vegetation. Critics have noted the influence of Rousseau on Wallace Stevens&s poetry. See for instance Stevens&s Floral Decorations for Bananas in the collection Harmonium. One of his works was used to be an inspiration for the animated film Madagascar. The song The Jungle Line by Joni Mitchell is based upon a Rousseau painting. Exhibitions In 1911, a retrospective exhibition of Rousseau&s works was shown at the Salon des Indépendants. His paintings were also shown at the first Blaue Reiter exhibition. Two major museum exhibitions of his work were held in 1984–85 (in Paris, at the Grand Palais; and in New York, at the Museum of Modern Art) and in 2001 (Tübingen, Germany). "These efforts countered the persona of the humble, oblivious naïf by detailing his assured single-mindedness and tracked the extensive influence his work exerted on several generations of vanguard artists," critic Roberta Smith wrote in a review of a later exhibition. A major exhibition of his work, "Henri Rousseau: Jungles in Paris," was shown at Tate Modern from November 2005 for four months, organised by the Tate and the Musée d’Orsay, where the show also appeared. The exhibition, encompassing 49 of his paintings, was on display at the National Gallery of Art in Washington from July 16–October 15, 2006. A major collection of Rousseau&s work were shown at The Grand Palais from March 15 to June 19, 2006. (1)Tiger in a Tropical Storm (Surprised!), 1891, National Gallery, London, UK. Naïve Art (Primitivism). Because the jury at the Academie de peinture et de sculpture would not accept his work, Tiger in a Tropical Storm, Rouseau had to enter it under a different name, Surprise, at the Salon de Independants, which was open to all artists. The painting was not a smash hit, as it received mixed reviews, ranging from ridicule at the childish naiveté of the painting, to the understanding and acclaim at its technical complexity, and with it he received his first recognition as an accomplished artist. Although there are tales (which may have been spread by himself) that Rousseau had studied the flora and fauna of the jungle during his travels in Mexico, he never left France, and learned all he knew of the jungle from botanical gardens, textbooks, and oral accounts.  Original Size (2)The Sleeping Gypsy, 1897, Private Collection. Naïve Art (Primitivism). Rousseau described the subject of The Sleeping Gypsy: “A wandering Negress, a mandolin player, lies with her jar beside her (a vase with drinking water), overcome by fatigue in a deep sleep. A lion chances to pass by, picks up her scent yet does not devour her. There is a moonlight effect, very poetic.” A toll collector for the city of Paris, Rousseau was a largely self-taught painter, although he had ambitions of entering the Academy. This goal was never realized, but his sharp colors, fantastic imagery, and precise outlines—derived from the style and subject matter of popular print culture— struck a chord with a younger generation of avant-garde painters, including Pablo Picasso, Vasily Kandinsky, and Frida Kahlo.  Original Size (3)The Hungry Lion Throws Itself on the Antelope, 1905, Beyeler-Foundation. Naïve Art (Primitivism). Due to the negative reviews of Tiger in a Tropical Storm, Rousseau did not paint another jungle scene until seven years later. The Hungry Lion Throws itself on the Antelope was the second jungle scene he painted after his return to painting the flora and fauna of the jungle, which was based off of the diorama of stuffed animals in the Paris Natural History Museum. Upon its exhibition, it was derided by its critics, who were shocked at its display alongside establishment paintings and Renaissance sculptures. Works such as this continued to be ridiculed by his critics until his death in 1910, by he was lauded by his contemporary independent artists, such as Matisse, Picasso, and Toulouse-Lautrec.  Original Size (4)The Snake Charmer, 1907, Musée d&Orsay, Paris, France. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (5)The Dream, 1910. Naïve Art (Primitivism). Created in the same year as his death, The Dream was Rousseau&s last painting, which was debuted only a few months before his untimely death. Upon its debut, Guillaume Apollinaire, referencing the negative reviews of previous years, exclaimed that this year, there would be no ridicule, as the painting exuded sheer beauty. With this piece, Rousseau brought together the exotic and the ordinary, the jungle and the couch, and combined the two to form a juxtaposition of composition which engages and intrigues. It is perhaps fitting that this was his last painting before his death, as it was his masterpiece.  Original Size (6)Carnival Evening, Start Date: 1885, Completion Date: 1886, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Naïve Art (Primitivism). Although Rousseau is most widely known for his jungle motifs, he was also adept at a style of painting that he coined “portrait landscape.” These paintings included a landscape in the background of the painting, and a portrait in the foreground of the piece. This painting includes a forest in the background, which was one of the painting types first produced and displayed by Rousseau, foreshadowing his complex jungle scenes. Critics were initially baffled at the images of the people, who in many cases were strangely costumed, and somehow located in the middle of a large and foreboding forest. This painting is also notable for its lack of perspective, as the entire image is painted in one dimensional pane, as if on a backdrop.  Original Size (7)The Monument to Chopin in the Luxembourg Gardens, 1909, Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (8)The Toll House, 1890, Samuel Courtauld Trust, The Courtauld Gallery, London, UK. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (9)War or the Ride of Discord, 1894, Musée d&Orsay, Paris, France. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (10)The Flamingoes, 1907, Private Collection. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  (11)Woman Walking in an Exotic Forest, 1905, The Barnes Foundation, Merion, Pennsylvania, USA. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  (12)Liberty Inviting Artists to Take Part in the 22nd Exhibition of the Society of Independent Artists, Start Date: 1905, Completion Date: 1906, National Museum of Modern Art. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (13)The Lion Hunter. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (14)Apes in the Orange Grove, Private Collection. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (15)Tropical Forest with Apes and Snake, 1910, National Gallery of Art, Washingon, DC, USA. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  (16)The Waterfall, 1910. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (17)Self Portrait from L&ile Saint Louis, 1890, Národni Galerie, Prague, Czech Republic. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (18)The Walk in the Forest, Start Date: 1886, Completion Date: 1890, Kunsthaus Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (19)Suburban Scene, 1896, Private Collection. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (20)Rendez Vous in the Forest, 1886, National Gallery of Art, Washingon, DC, USA. Post-Impressionism.  Original Size (21)Portrait of Pierre Loti, 1891, Kunsthaus Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (22)The Artillerymen, 1893, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, USA. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (23)1908. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (24)Centennial of Independence, 1892. Post-Impressionism.  Original Size (25)The Tabby, Private Collection. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  (26)The Poultry Yard, Start Date: 1896, Completion Date: 1898, Musée National d&Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  (27)The Eiffel Tower, 1898, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX, USA. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  (28)Landscape with Farmer, 1896, Private Collection. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  (29)The Mill, 1896, Private Collection. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  (30)Child with a Puppet, 1903, Kunsthalle, Winterthur, Switzerland. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (31)The wedding party, 1905, Musée de l&Orangerie, Paris, France. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (32)The girl with a doll, Start Date: c.1904, Completion Date: 1905. Musée de l&Orangerie, Paris, France. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (33)Exotic Landscape, 1910, Norton Simon Museum, Pasadena, CA, USA. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (34)Walking in the Parc des Buttes Chaumont, Start Date: 1908, Completion Date: 1909, Setagaya Art Museum. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (35)Alleyway in the Park of Saint Cloud, 1908, Städelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (36)Seine and Eiffel tower in the sunset, 1910. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (37)Old Man Junier&s Trap, 1908, Musée de l&Orangerie, Paris, France. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (38)The Quarry, Private Collection. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  (39)The Representatives of Foreign Powers Coming to Salute the Republic as a Sign of Peace, 1907, Musée Picasso, Paris, France. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (40)View of the Banks of the Oise, Start Date: 1905, Completion Date: 1906, Private Collection. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (41)Jaguar Attacking a Horse, 1910, Pushkin Museum of Fine Art, Moscow, Russia. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  Original Size (42)Bouquet of Flowers with an Ivy Branch, 1909, Albright Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY, USA. Naïve Art (Primitivism).  (43)Bouquet of Flowers, 1910, Tate Gallery, London. UK, Naïve Art (Primitivism).  |
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